Tugas Softkill bahasa Inglish The Reality of Decisions-Making

TUGAS 4

NAMA          : AMALIA ANANDA PUTRI

NPM             : 10212676

KELAS         : 1EA17

 

THE REALITY OF DECISION MAKING

Understanding Decision Making

Some proposed definitions of decision-making experts described as follows (Hasan, 2004):

1. According to George R. Terry

Decision making is the selection of alternative behavior (behavior) of certain of two or more alternatives.

2. According S.P. Siagian

Decision making is a systematic approach to the nature of the alternatives they face and take appropriate action according to the calculations is the most appropriate action.

3. According to James A.F. Stoner

Decision making is a process used to choose an action as a way of solving the problem.

Notions of the above decision, it can be concluded that decision making is a process of selecting the best alternative from several alternatives systematically to follow up (used) as a way of solving the problem

According Sondang P. Siagian was quoted as saying by the GK. Manila

in his book Management Practices in State Government, there

four models of decision making that is:

a. Model optimization. Decision-making in order to obtain results

which can be achieved and can not be separated from the limited resources

no. This model is based on the maximum criteria, probability, and

benefits.

b. Models satisfying. Decision making is not solely

through rationality and logic approach procedure but in reality,

so that decision makers are satisfied with and proud when

decisions taken are adequate to fruition.

c. Mixed scanning models. Decision-making that incorporates

Among high rationality approach with a pragmatic approach.

d. Heuristic models. Decision making based on concepts entirely

ynag held by decision makers that is based on

his own views on the problem at hand.

While Bedjo Siswanto in his book Modern Management

said there are two models of decision making that often there

within the organization, namely:

a. Normative model, which is a model of decision making

embody the manager about how he should take

a group decision. These models have generally been developed by

economists and other management scientists. One example of this model

in educational institutions is about financial budgeting.

b. Descriptive models, ie models that explain the decision-making

concrete behavior and this model has been developed by behavioral scientists

Opinion for this article : I think the decision-making must consider what will be decided to achieve maximum results as what is already planned and could possibly reduce the risk of the impact of the decision-making

 

Vocabulary

 

Behavior: tingkah laku                        adequate:memadai

Obtain:memperoleh                             pragmaticLpragmatis

Approach:pendekatan                         entirely:sepenuhnya

Appropriate:sesuai                              within: dalam

Solving:pemecahan

Notions:barang kelontong

Concluded:menyimpulkan

Government:pemerintah

Satisfying:memuaskan

Satisfied: puas

 

sumber:www.google.com

 

 

Tugas Softkill bahasa Inglish Step in the decisons process

TUGAS 3

NAMA          : AMALIA ANANDA PUTRI

NPM             : 10212676

KELAS         : 1EA17

 Step in the decisons process

All human beings are faced with certain situations in their everyday life, where they need to take important decisions. However, decisions that are made without any planning have a risk of leading to failure. To avoid such problems, it is necessary to take decisions in an organized way. This can be done by following these six steps of decision-making.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/6-steps-to-decision-making-process.html

How to Make a Decision in Six Steps

1. Defining the Problem: The first step towards a decision-making procedure is to define the problem. Obviously, there would be no need to make a decision without having a problem. So, the first thing one has to do is to state the underlying problem that has to be solved. You have to clearly state the outcome that you desire after you have made the decision. This is a good way to start, because stating your goals would help you in clarifying your thoughts
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/6-steps-to-decision-making-process.html

2. Develop Alternatives: The situation of making a decision arises because there are many alternatives available for it. Hence, the next step after defining the main problem would be to state out the alternatives available for that particular situation. Here, you do not have to restrict yourself to think about the very obvious options, rather you can use your creative skills and come out with alternatives that may look a little irrelevant. This is important because sometimes solutions can come out from these out-of-the-box ideas. You would also have to do adequate research to come up with the necessary facts that would aid in solving the problem.

Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/6-steps-to-decision-making-process.html

3. Evaluate the Alternatives: This can be said to be one of the most important stages of the decision-making procedure. This is the stage where you have to analyze each alternative you have come up with. You have to find out the advantages and disadvantages of each option. This can be done as per the research you have done on that particular alternative. At this stage, you can also filter out the options that you think are impossible or do not serve your purpose. Rating each option with a numerical digit would also help in the filtration process.

Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/6-steps-to-decision-making-process.html 

4. Make the Decision: This is the stage where the hard work you have put in analyzing would lead to a proper decision. The evaluation process would help you with clearly looking at the available options and you have to pick whichever you think is the most applicable. You can also club some of the alternatives to come out with a better solution instead of just picking out any one of them.

Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/6-steps-to-decision-making-process.html

5. Implement the Solution: The next obvious step after choosing an option would be implementing the solution. Just making the decision would not give the result one wants. Rather, you have to carry out on the decision you have made. This is a very crucial step because all the people involved in implementation of a solution should know about their implications. This is very essential for the decision to give successful results.

Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/6-steps-to-decision-making-process.html

6. Monitor your Solution: Just making a decision and implementing it, is not the end of the decision-making procedure. It is crucial to monitor your decision regularly once they are implemented. At this stage, you have to keep a close eye on the progress made by implementing the solutions. You may need to measure the results of implementations against your expected standards. Monitoring of solutions since early stage may also help you to alter your decisions, if you notice deviation of results from your expectations.

These steps may, at first, seem very complicated. However, these are essential decision-making techniques that would aid you in taking proper decisions in your personal as well as professional life. Moreover, decision-making is an ongoing process and will never come to a standstill.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/6-steps-to-decision-making-process.html

vocabulary:
 

towards:terhadap                            analyze:menganalisa

Hence: karenanya                          each::masing masing

Crucial:sangat penting                   applicable: berlaku

Ongoing:terus menerus                  proper:tepat

Standstill:macet                              whichever:mana saja

Never:tak pernah

Essential:penting

Moreover:selain itu

Expected:diharapkan

sumber : http://www.buzzle.com/articles/6-steps-to-decision-making-process.html

Tugas Softkill bahasa Inglish Management and Human Resources Development

TUGAS 2

NAMA          : AMALIA ANANDA PUTRI

NPM             : 10212676

KELAS         : 1EA17

 

 

Management and Human Resources Development

Every business unit needs human resource (manpower) for the conduct of different business activities. In fact, no organisation can exist or operate efficiently without the support of human resource. Such human resource includes top level managers, executives, supervisors and other subordinate / lower level staff / employees. A business organisation has to estimate its future manpower needs and adjust its manpower planning and development programmes accordingly. This is called 'staffing' function of management. Human resource management is also described as personnel management or manpower management.

Meaning of Human Resource ↓

In an industrial unit, large number of persons are employed in order to conduct various operations and activities. This is treated as human resource or manpower employed. A business unit needs material resources as well as human resource for the conduct of various activities. Of all the "M"s in management (such as Materials, Machines, Methods and Money) the most important "M" stands for Men i.e., manpower working in the organisation. It is through manpower/employees that all other ingredients of an enterprise-money, machines, materials, marketing, etc., are managed. In brief, Human Resource (HR) constitutes the most important and the most productive resource of an industrial / business unit.

It is rightly said that "machines are important in the production process but the man behind the machines is more important". He transforms the lifeless factors of production into useful products. Human resource (HR) is an important asset of a business unit. Well-trained, loyal and efficient team of workers brings success and stability to a business unit. This suggests the importance of human resource in business. People and the organisation in which they work are inter-related and interdependent. organisation moves towards prosperity only by using its available human resource purposefully. Similarly, employees get various monetary and other benefits through the prosperity of their organisation.

Vocabulary

Efficiently: efisien                            employees:karyawan

Conduct: mengadakan                   bries: singkat

Such: demikian                                behind: dibelakang

Includes:termasuk

Subordinate:bawahan

Estimate:memperkirakan

Manpower:tenaga kerja

Treated: diperlakukan

sumber:http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2009/12/human-resource-management-human.html

 

 

Tugas Softkill bahasa Inglish Management Functions

TUGAS 1

NAMA          : AMALIA ANANDA PUTRI

NPM             : 10212676

KELAS         : 1EA17

MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Management comes from the ancient French menagement, management is the process of implementing and managing. management is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling resources to achieve goals effectively and efficiently, is effective in achieving efesiennya form of planning in any given job done right. Management functions to describe the manager's job. The most commonly cited functions of management is the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, controlling resources to achieve goals effectively and efficiently effective is the planning that has been achieved is a task given efesiennya already qualified right or done right though some identify additional functions. Management functions determine different management processes of accounting, financial marketing, and other business functions. This function provides a useful way of classifying information about management, and management of the most basic texts since 1950 has been organized around functional framework.

Functional approach Development to Management
            Henri Fayol was the first to develop a theory Inyang based on modern management concepts and elements or functions of management in his classic 1916 book Administration Industrielle et Generale. Fayol is the managing director of a large French company mining coal and based largely on his experience as a practicing management. Fayol defines five functions, or elements of management: planning, organizing, leading, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol found that these functions are universal, in the sense that all the managers who made ​​them in the course of their work, whether managers working in business, military, government, religion business, or philanthropy.
Fayol defines planning in terms of forecasting future conditions, set goals, and develop ways to achieve the goal. Fayol recognized that effective planning must also take into account the unforeseen contingencies that may arise, and do not advocate a plan that rigid and inflexible.

Vocabulary

Ancient                     :kuno                                       Identify                   :Mengenali

Implementing           :melaksanakan                        classifying              :mengelompokkan

Commonly                :umumnya                               framework             :kerangka

Achieved                  :dicapai                                    practicing              :berlatih

Recognized              :diakui                                      forecasting           :ramalan

Unforeseen               :tidak terduga                          contingencies       :kontijensi

Arise                         :timbul                                      rigid                      :kaku

Practicing                  :berlatih                                 

sumber : www.wikipedia.com